In this article, readers will explore the deep-rooted connection between coffee and spirituality in Ethiopian culture. The history of coffee in Ethiopia is traced back to its origin and the ancient legends and traditions surrounding it. The article delves into Ethiopian spirituality, discussing the role of Orthodox Christianity and indigenous religions. It then connects coffee with spiritual rituals, highlighting the significance of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony and its role in religious celebrations. The impact of coffee on Ethiopian spiritual identity is analyzed, with emphasis on social and religious influences. The article also addresses the efforts to preserve and share Ethiopian coffee rituals and the recognition of Ethiopian coffee culture by UNESCO. Finally, contemporary issues and challenges related to globalization, modernization, and commercialization of coffee are discussed, along with the importance of preserving coffee traditions for future generations.
Origin of Coffee and Ethiopian Legends
Ethiopia is believed to be the birthplace of coffee, with its history dating back to the 9th century or earlier. The coffee plant, Coffea arabica, is native to Ethiopia and neighboring Sudan and South Sudan. The story of the discovery of coffee is steeped in legends and folklore, with the most famous one involving a goat herder named Kaldi.
According to the legend, Kaldi discovered the energizing effects of the coffee plant when he noticed his goats dancing and acting unusually energetic after eating the red cherries from the plant. Intrigued, Kaldi tasted the cherries himself and felt an instant surge of energy. He then shared his discovery with a local monastery, and the monks eventually developed a drink from the beans to help them stay awake during long hours of prayer.
The origin story of Kaldi and his dancing goats has become an essential part of Ethiopian coffee culture, but it is believed to be a mythical tale that symbolizes the importance of coffee in Ethiopia’s history.
Historical Development of Coffee in Ethiopia
The use of coffee in Ethiopia can be traced back to the Kingdom of Abyssinia around the 9th century. By the 15th century, coffee had become a prominent trade item within the region, with neighboring Arab countries importing the beans and starting to cultivate the plant themselves.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church played a significant role in the spread of coffee in Ethiopia, as it adopted the beverage into its religious practices. The consumption of coffee became a daily ritual, and the coffee ceremony evolved as a result. This traditional ceremony involved the roasting, grinding, and brewing of coffee beans, accompanied by the burning of incense and the sharing of food.
In the 18th century, coffee started gaining attention on a global scale. European travelers and traders visiting Ethiopia brought back samples of coffee to Europe, where demand for the exotic beverage quickly spread. The Dutch were the first Europeans to successfully transport and cultivate coffee plants outside of the region, ultimately leading to the establishment of coffee plantations in Indonesia and other colonies.
Later, in the 20th century, Ethiopia became one of the largest coffee-producing countries globally. The coffee industry in the country began to flourish under the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie, whose administration promoted modern agricultural practices to enhance production. Today, coffee remains an essential feature of Ethiopian culture and a crucial component of the nation’s economy.
Ancient Coffee Traditions and Practices
Coffee is deeply ingrained in Ethiopian tradition and culture. In addition to being a popular beverage, it is also a symbol of hospitality, friendship, and community. The Ethiopian coffee ceremony reflects these cultural and social values, treating coffee not only as a drink but as an experience to share.
The coffee ceremony typically begins with the washing and then roasting of the green coffee beans over an open fire or on a stovetop. The roasting process is done by hand, allowing the roast master to control the temperature and ensure the beans are evenly roasted. Once the beans have attained the desired color, they are ground using a traditional wooden mortar and pestle. The grinding process releases the aromatic oils that contribute to the coffee’s unique flavors.
The coffee grounds are then placed in a traditional clay pot called a jebena, and water is added before being heated over a fire. The coffee is brewed slowly, reaching a thick and rich consistency before being poured into small cups known as sini. Traditional Ethiopian coffee is served without milk or sugar, allowing the true flavors of the coffee to shine through.
Guests participate in three rounds of the ceremony, signifying the importance of community and friendship in Ethiopian culture. The sharing of coffee during the ceremony not only brings people together but also serves to bridge cultural divides.
In conclusion, the history of coffee in Ethiopia is rich and varied, telling a story that spans centuries and reflects the deep cultural significance of the beverage within the country. From the mythical story of Kaldi to the ancient coffee traditions and practices that still endure today, Ethiopia continues to celebrate its unique relationship with coffee, a testament to the plant’s unparalleled role in the nation’s history, culture, and identity.
Ethiopian Spirituality and Religious Beliefs
Ethiopia is a unique country in terms of its religious makeup, with a significant majority adhering to Orthodox Christianity, alongside Islam and indigenous beliefs. Ethiopian spirituality is deeply rooted in its culture, history, and way of life. It plays a significant role in shaping the cultural expression, values, and identity of the people.
Overview of Ethiopian Spirituality
Ethiopian spirituality is diverse and fundamentally intertwined with the country’s historical, religious, and social development. From ancient Axum, one of the great civilizations of antiquity, to the various cultural and religious influences over the centuries, Ethiopia’s spirituality reflects the multilayered nature of its history.
The major religions in Ethiopia are Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs. Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion, accounting for approximately 43% of the population, followed by Islam with about 34%. Indigenous beliefs and other smaller religious groups make up the remaining 23%.
In this rich spiritual tapestry, coexistence between different religious communities is largely peaceful. Many Ethiopians identify with multiple religious traditions, as elements of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs often intermingle in practice and ritual. This fluidity and tolerance are some defining features of Ethiopian spirituality.
Role of Orthodox Christianity in Ethiopian Culture
Orthodox Christianity has played a significant role in shaping Ethiopian spirituality and culture for centuries. It arrived in Ethiopia in the early 4th century, taking root in the Axumite Kingdom – a powerful ancient state that once spanned across modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. This marked the beginning of a long and deep relationship between Ethiopia and the Orthodox Church.
Despite various power shifts and Islamic incursions, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church remained the state religion throughout much of the country’s history. Consequently, it had a major influence on Ethiopia’s cultural, artistic, and literary expressions.
Many Ethiopian customs, rituals, and ceremonies are linked to Orthodox Christianity. The celebration of holidays like Enkutatash (Ethiopian New Year), Timkat (Epiphany), and Meskel (Finding of the True Cross) is widely observed and reflects the country’s deeply entrenched Christian identity.
Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity is also known for its unique architectural expression – the famous rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, monasteries, and other structures that dot the landscape. Constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries, these structures have become iconic symbols of Ethiopian spiritual and cultural heritage.
Traditional Beliefs and Indigenous Religions
Aside from the dominant influence of Orthodox Christianity and the widespread practice of Islam, Ethiopia also maintains a strong connection to its traditional and indigenous religions. Although these belief systems vary greatly in practice, they often center around ancestral spirits, nature worship, and the concept of a supreme creator.
Among the most notable indigenous religions are the Oromo and Konso traditions, practiced by two of Ethiopia’s largest ethnic groups. In both cases, reverence for the natural world, communal rituals, and a guardian spirit or God figure are central to their beliefs. The Oromo people worship Waaq, the supreme creator, while the Konso people believe in Waaq-tokke, a guardian spirit who mediates between the living and the divine.
In other parts of Ethiopia, different ethnic groups follow their own indigenous belief systems, reflecting the vast cultural diversity of the country. Many of these indigenous religions share common themes – such as the role of ancestors, the influence of the natural world, and the presence of various spirits and deities – that contribute to the rich tapestry of Ethiopian spirituality as a whole.
In conclusion, Ethiopian spirituality is an intricate blend of Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs, reflecting the country’s diverse history, and culture. This unique spiritual heritage continues to shape and inform the values, customs, and identity of the Ethiopian people. The ongoing coexistence and harmony between different religious communities are testament to Ethiopia’s vibrant and fluid spiritual landscape.
Coffee and Ethiopian Spiritual Rituals
Ethiopia is not only the birthplace of coffee, but it is also an integral part of the country’s cultural and spiritual life. For centuries, coffee rituals have been woven into Ethiopian society’s fabric, and they hold a sacred place in its religious practices. This article delves into the significance and process of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony, the spiritual symbolism of coffee in Ethiopian culture, and how coffee rituals are integrated into religious celebrations.
Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony: Significance and Process
The Ethiopian coffee ceremony is an essential social and spiritual practice in the country. It is a display of hospitality and a way for Ethiopians to come together, share stories, and bond over steaming cups of freshly brewed coffee. This age-old tradition has deep spiritual roots, and many people believe that it fosters unity and maintains the cultural identity of Ethiopian society.
The coffee ceremony begins with the host roasting green coffee beans in a clay or metal pan over a charcoal fire, filling the room with an aromatic scent. Guests are usually invited to take in the aroma, which is believed to cleanse their spirits. The beans are then crushed into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle.
Next, the host adds the coffee grounds to a vessel called a jebena, which is a clay pottery coffee pot with a long spout and a round bottom. The jebena is filled with water and placed on the fire. As the coffee boils, the host adds various spices, such as cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom, to enhance the flavor.
Once the coffee is ready, the host pours it into small, often ornately decorated cups called sini, serving each guest with respect and reverence. The coffee is usually accompanied by popcorn, cookies, or traditional Ethiopian bread called ambasha.
There are typically three rounds of coffee served in these ceremonies. The first round, called abol, is considered the strongest and most invigorating. The second round, tona, is milder, and the third round, baraka, is the lightest. Participants believe that each round imparts different blessings, and completing all three rounds brings luck and bestows blessings on both the guests and the host.
Spiritual Symbolism of Coffee in Ethiopian Culture
In Ethiopian culture, coffee holds profound spiritual significance. For many Ethiopians, coffee is seen as a divine gift designed to foster unity and bring about spiritual growth.
The coffee ceremony serves as a time for people to recharge their souls through social and spiritual interaction. Engaging in a coffee ceremony allows individuals to seek wisdom, connect with their ancestors, and reflect on their spiritual well-being. The coffee ceremony is also viewed as an opportunity to reflect on one’s actions and give thanks for their blessings.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the predominant Christian denomination in the country, holds coffee in high esteem. Many churchgoers believe that the aroma of freshly roasted coffee beans purifies the spirit and enhances the worship experience. As a result, it is not uncommon for coffee to be prepared and consumed during religious gatherings and church celebrations.
Integration of Coffee Rituals in Religious Celebrations
Coffee rituals in Ethiopia are closely connected with religious celebrations, such as Orthodox Christian holidays and Islamic festivals.
On significant Christian occasions like Easter and Christmas, coffee ceremonies are held in Ethiopian Orthodox churches, and the laity participates in them to celebrate, reflect, and give thanks. These gatherings often include recitations of prayers and blessings in addition to the coffee ceremony itself.
During Islamic holidays, such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, devout Ethiopian Muslims engage in coffee ceremonies to commemorate and celebrate. Sharing coffee in such events is a way for the community to unite, reflect on their faith, and practice gratitude.
Ethiopian Jewish communities, known as Beta Israel, also participate in coffee ceremonies. The coffee ritual is integrated into their religious and social gatherings to express hospitality, strengthen relationships, and allow for reflection on their faith.
In summary, the coffee ceremony is a deeply spiritual and indispensable ritual in Ethiopian culture. It is not only an expression of hospitality but also an essential part of religious ceremonies. The spiritual symbolism of coffee in Ethiopia reflects the country’s reverence for the beverage, and its integration into religious celebrations highlights its unique importance in fostering unity and spiritual growth.
Impact of Coffee on Ethiopian Spiritual Identity
Coffee, which likely originated in Ethiopia, has a deep-rooted connection with the country’s spiritual identity. The influence of coffee on the spiritual lives of Ethiopians goes beyond being a traditional beverage, and can be seen as a socio-religious icon that ties communities together. This article will discuss the impact of coffee on Ethiopian spiritual identity in various aspects, including the role of coffee in building social bonds and communities, its influence on religious and spiritual practices, and the evolution of coffee-related beliefs and customs.
Role of Coffee in Building Social Bonds and Communities
Coffee is an integral part of Ethiopian culture and social life, playing a significant role in building and maintaining social bonds among community members. Coffee ceremonies, known as “buna,” are a central aspect of Ethiopian cultural and social traditions. They are formal and elaborate affairs that provide people with the opportunity to come together, engage in conversations, share experiences, pass on knowledge, or simply socialize with friends, family, and neighbors.
During the coffee ceremony, the host (usually a woman) undergoes a meticulous process of roasting, grinding, and brewing coffee beans, filling the air with the aroma of fresh coffee. The ceremony symbolizes warmth, hospitality, and inclusiveness, thus creating strong social bonds within the community.
Additionally, the Ethiopian coffee ceremony helps to establish social hierarchies and norms, as older members of the community are served the first cup of coffee to signify respect and deference. The coffee ceremony is also a platform for resolving conflicts, seeking advice, and offering guidance on important matters. This sense of social cohesion and interconnectedness created by the coffee ceremony contributes to building a strong spiritual identity among Ethiopians.
Influence of Coffee on Religious and Spiritual Practices
Coffee has been influential in Ethiopian religious and spiritual practices since its inception. Both Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and Ethiopian Muslims incorporate coffee into their religious ceremonies and rituals.
In the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian community, coffee is used as a way of communication with the divine. It is believed that the wafting aroma of coffee during the ceremony symbolizes prayers rising to heaven. Furthermore, it is customary to serve coffee after church services to bring communities together, providing an opportunity for spiritual reflection and fellowship among believers.
For Ethiopian Muslims, coffee is often consumed before and after prayers, and during Ramadan, it is a popular beverage for breaking the fast. Coffee is also used as a symbol of unity among Muslims, as consuming it together with other members of the community fosters a sense of equality and solidarity.
In this context, coffee becomes a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds, forming a connection between the two and enriching the lives of those who partake in this ancient tradition.
Evolution of Coffee-related Beliefs and Customs
Over time, Ethiopian coffee culture has evolved, incorporating various beliefs and customs. One such example is the centuries-old legend of Kaldi, an Ethiopian goatherd who is said to have discovered coffee when he noticed his goats dancing after consuming the red berries of the coffee plant. This story has been fundamental in the coffee narratives of Ethiopia and beyond, illustrating that the power and significance of coffee in Ethiopian society goes beyond its simple presence as a beverage.
Another evolution in coffee-related customs is the distinction between the traditional and the modern ways of conducting coffee ceremonies. While the traditional ceremony remains a vital part of Ethiopian culture, modern adaptations, such as the use of Western-style cups and saucers, have found their way into the rituals, signifying a sense of change and adaptation.
In conclusion, the impact of coffee on Ethiopian spiritual identity is multifaceted and deeply entrenched in the country’s cultural, religious, and social fabric. From the formation of social bonds and communities to the influence of coffee on religious and spiritual practices, the relationship between coffee and the Ethiopian people is one that goes beyond the bean itself. The continued evolution of coffee-related beliefs and customs ensures that coffee will remain an essential part of Ethiopian spiritual identity for generations to come.
Coffee and Ethiopian Heritage Preservation
Ethiopia is considered to be the birthplace of coffee, with a vibrant history and cultural practices surrounding the beloved beverage. Coffee plays an essential role in the daily lives of Ethiopians, and preserving these rituals has become a crucial part of safeguarding their intangible cultural heritage. The Ethiopian coffee ceremony reflects the nation’s deep love and appreciation for coffee, as well as showcasing Ethiopian hospitality, social values, and traditions. As such, efforts to preserve and share these rituals are instrumental in maintaining Ethiopia’s identity, cultural diversity, and sustainable development.
Significance of Traditional Coffee Practices in Ethiopian Culture
Ethiopia’s rich coffee culture dates back centuries, with many legends surrounding its discovery and use. Coffee is believed to have originated from the region of Kaffa in southwestern Ethiopia. The plant, known as Coffea arabica, is now cultivated across various regions of the country where different ethnic groups have developed their unique methods of preparation and consumption.
The traditional Ethiopian coffee ceremony, often performed thrice a day, is an integral social event in Ethiopian culture. It is much more than merely serving and drinking coffee; it is a symbol of hospitality, respect, and a means of forging stronger bonds between family, friends, and neighbors. The ceremony is typically performed by women, dressed in traditional attire, with the utmost grace and dedication. The lengthy process includes multiple stages, such as the washing of green coffee beans, roasting them on a charcoal stove or open fire, grinding the beans using a mortar and pestle, brewing the coffee in a clay pot called a ‘jebena’, and finally, serving it in small cups (‘finjal’).
Accompanying the coffee, Ethiopians serve light snacks, such as popcorn or bread, and use the time to converse, share stories, and discuss local issues. The ritualistic aspect of the coffee ceremony is deeply embedded in Ethiopian society and remains a vital component of social gatherings, festivals, and celebrations.
Efforts to Preserve and Share Ethiopian Coffee Rituals
Preserving the Ethiopian coffee culture involves the maintenance, transmission, and sharing of traditional knowledge, skills, and practices across generations. These efforts have been led by the government, non-governmental organizations, and various stakeholders within the country. The Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority actively supports the conservation of coffee-related customs, the promotion of the sector, and the marketing of Ethiopian coffee globally.
Apart from official involvement, local initiatives also focus on passing down the traditional coffee rituals to younger generations. Parents and elders teach their children about the coffee ceremony’s techniques, symbolism, and social interactions. By practicing and passing down these elements to their siblings, friends, and descendants, the Ethiopian coffee culture persists and flourishes in modern times.
In addition, the Ethiopian coffee ceremony is often showcased in international events, tourism promotional materials, and global coffee forums as a representation of authentic Ethiopian culture. This worldwide exposure of the rituals contributes to raising awareness and fostering the recognition of Ethiopia’s unique coffee customs.
Recognition of the Ethiopian Coffee Culture by UNESCO
In 2016, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared the “Gada System,” a traditional system of governance practiced in the Oromia regional state, as a part of the world’s intangible cultural heritage. This recognition brought the Ethiopian coffee ceremony to the forefront of the global discussions about preserving the world’s cultural traditions.
Stakeholders in Ethiopia have been actively working towards obtaining UNESCO listing for their coffee rituals, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage. The inclusion of the Ethiopian coffee culture on UNESCO’s list would not only elevate the country’s profile in the international arena but also bolster national pride and enhance the global perception of Ethiopian coffee.
Overall, preserving the Ethiopian coffee practices is a vital part of sustaining an essential part of the nation’s culture and identity. Efforts to protect, share, and raise awareness of these rituals, both locally and worldwide, contribute to Ethiopia’s long-term social and economic development and the global recognition of its unique cultural heritage.
Contemporary Issues and Challenges
Impact of Globalization and Modernization on Ethiopian Coffee Traditions
Despite its long-standing role in Ethiopian culture, coffee traditions are facing numerous challenges in the wake of globalization and modernization. These changes have led to shifting patterns of consumption, production, and distribution, which in turn have had significant implications for the nation’s social fabric and economy.
One of the most conspicuous ways globalization has impacted Ethiopian coffee traditions is by altering consumer preferences. The global coffee market has seen an influx of new flavors, roasts, and chain retailers, which has led to a significant change in coffee-drinking habits worldwide. Many Ethiopians have begun to adopt these new tastes and practices, leading to a shift away from the traditional coffee ceremony. Additionally, modern, urban lifestyles have impacted coffee-drinking habits in Ethiopia, with many people opting for fast, on-the-go options over the more time-consuming traditional ceremonies.
The proliferation of coffee exporters and multinational corporations looking to capitalize on Ethiopia’s prized beans has also had an impact. With the industrialization of coffee production, traditional small-scale farmers have had to contend with larger, more powerful entities in the hopes of selling their beans. This has led to tension between maintaining the traditional practices of coffee cultivation and embracing modern agriculture techniques to increase yield and profit.
Furthermore, the global demand for Ethiopian coffee has led to deforestation and land degradation, affecting the natural biodiversity of the region. As coffee plantations continue to expand, the practice of cultivating coffee in traditional forest gardens is increasingly marginalized. This environmental impact threatens the heart of Ethiopian coffee culture, reducing the presence of native coffee species and putting edible, medicinal, and ethnobotanical resources at risk.
Commercialization of Coffee and the Erosion of Traditional Practices
The commercialization of coffee in Ethiopia has played a significant role in the erosion of traditional practices surrounding cultivation, preparation, and consumption. This can be seen in the steady decline of forest gardens, the shift toward monoculture coffee farming, and the prevalence of instant coffee and take away chains.
The issue of commercialization has raised concerns regarding the perpetuation of traditional coffee rituals, which have historically played a vital role in the country’s social and cultural identity. Some fear that as Ethiopian coffee becomes further ingrained in the global market, it may lose its unique local practices and cultural significance.
The erosion of traditional coffee practices is further exacerbated by the global coffee crisis. Market volatility, predatory practices by international buyers, and a lack of support for local farmers have driven many Ethiopian coffee growers into poverty. These hardships may force farmers to abandon traditional methods in favor of less time-consuming and more profitable alternatives, further eroding the nation’s coffee culture.
Preservation and Adaptation of Coffee Rituals for Future Generations
In the face of these challenges posed by globalization and modernization, preserving and adapting Ethiopian coffee rituals for future generations has become an area of growing importance.
One primary means of preserving traditional practices is through governmental policies and support. For example, Ethiopia has a coffee quality certification system that rewards growers for adhering to traditional production methods. This encourages farmers to maintain their ancestral practices and helps to ensure that the quality of Ethiopian coffee remains high.
Another approach involves leveraging tourism and promoting Ethiopian coffee culture globally. By encouraging travelers to participate in traditional coffee ceremonies and experience the rich history of Ethiopian coffee firsthand, the nation can help increase awareness and appreciation for the traditions surrounding the beverage.
Additionally, collaborations between coffee growers, researchers, and cultural institutions can help document and preserve traditional knowledge while promoting sustainable and fair-trade practices. Practitioners can work together to find new means of connecting the younger generation to their ancestral coffee rituals through education and outreach efforts.
By taking these steps, Ethiopia can work to ensure that its invaluable and unique coffee traditions are protected and passed down to future generations despite the pressures of an increasingly globalized world.
FAQs on The Impact of Coffee on Ethiopian Spiritual Identity and Heritage
1. How is coffee connected to Ethiopian spiritual identity and heritage?
Coffee is deeply intertwined with Ethiopian spiritual identity and heritage, as the birthplace of coffee. Ethiopian culture incorporates coffee in various ceremonies, rituals, and social gatherings, reflecting the symbolic and socio-religious significance of the beverage (Ethiopian Coffee Guide, n.d.).
2. What role does the coffee ceremony play in Ethiopian culture and spirituality?
The Ethiopian coffee ceremony is a significant social and spiritual event, expressing gratitude, friendship, and community. This time-honored ritual combines the symbolic importance of coffee with spirituality, allowing participants to engage in reflection, blessings, and bonding with their community (Kassa, 2018).
3. How do Ethiopian Orthodox Christians incorporate coffee into their religious practices?
Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, making up a large part of the population, often consume coffee after fasting or participating in religious rituals. Coffee serves as a cultural bridge, connecting faith, traditions, and social interactions, reinforcing the sense of spiritual community (Worku, 2017).
4. How does Ethiopia’s coffee production impact its cultural heritage and national identity?
Ethiopia’s coffee production contributes to the nation’s cultural heritage and identity through preserving traditional coffee cultivation and processing methods. The coffee industry plays a vital role in sustaining the economy, while the cultural practices associated with coffee continue to uphold the rich Ethiopian heritage (Ethiopian Coffee Guide, n.d.).
5. Can tourists experience Ethiopian coffee culture and spirituality firsthand?
Yes, tourists visiting Ethiopia can experience authentic coffee culture and spirituality firsthand by participating in coffee ceremonies and visiting local coffee farms. These experiences provide unique insights into the cultural significance of coffee, as well as the spiritual and socio-religious connections that Ethiopians share (Ethiopian Tourism Organization, 2015).
6. How does the global appreciation for Ethiopian coffee influence the country’s cultural and spiritual identity?
The global appreciation of Ethiopian coffee elevates the country’s rich cultural and spiritual identity. By sharing its unique coffee culture with the world, Ethiopia preserves and strengthens its heritage, highlighting its connection to spirituality and the importance of community and tradition (Gebeyehu, 2020).
References:
Ethiopian Coffee Guide. (n.d.). A brief overview of Ethiopian coffee culture. Retrieved from https://ethiopiancoffeeguide.com/coffee-culture
Ethiopian Tourism Organization. (2015). Ethiopian coffee ceremony. Retrieved from https://www.ethiopia.travel/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony
Gebeyehu, A. (2020). Revealing the unexplored Ethiopian coffee culture. Ethiopian Heritage Trust, 3(10), 1-4.
Kassa, B. (2018). The place of coffee in the socio-cultural and ritual life of the Oromo people. Journal of Oromo Studies, 25(1), 49-68.
Worku, A. (2017). The cultural and spiritual significance of coffee (Buna) in Ethiopia. World Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 1-9.